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South America

South America

Best Countries to Visit

  • Bolivia
  • Colombia
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Peru

Best Cities to Visit

  • Rio De Jenerio
  • Beunos Aires
  • Cartagena
  • Cusco
  • Santiago

Size

17,840,000 KM2

Population

423,581,078

Spending Budget

$387 - $1,150

History

South America is believed to have been joined with Africa from the late Paleozoic Era to the early Mesozoic Era, until the supercontinent Pangaea began to rift and break apart about 225 million years ago. Therefore, South America and Africa share similar fossils and rock layers. South America is thought to have been first inhabited by humans when people were crossing the Bering Land Bridge (now the Bering Strait) at least 15,000 years ago from the territory that is present-day Russia. They migrated south through North America, and eventually reached South America through the Isthmus of Panama. The first evidence for the existence of the human race in South America dates back to about 9000 BC, when squashes, chili peppers and beans began to be cultivated for food in the highlands of the Amazon Basin. Pottery evidence further suggests that manioc, which remains a staple food today, was being cultivated as early as 2000 BC. By 2000 BC, many agrarian communities had been settled throughout the Andes and the surrounding regions. Fishing became a widespread practice along the coast, helping establish fish as a primary source of food. Irrigation systems were also developed at this time, which aided in the rise of an agrarian society.[28] South American cultures began domesticating llamas, vicuñas, guanacos, and alpacas in the highlands of the Andes circa 3500 BC. Besides their use as sources of meat and wool, these animals were used for transportation of goods.

Present Day

Wars became less frequent in the 20th century, with Bolivia-Paraguay and Peru-Ecuador fighting the last inter-state wars. Early in the 20th century, the three wealthiest South American countries engaged in a vastly expensive naval arms race which began after the introduction of a new warship type, the "dreadnought". At one point, the Argentine government was spending a fifth of its entire yearly budget for just two dreadnoughts, a price that did not include later in-service costs, which for the Brazilian dreadnoughts was sixty percent of the initial purchase. The Brazilian Minas Geraes class kindled an Argentine–Brazilian–Chilean naval arms race. The continent became a battlefield of the Cold War in the late 20th century. Some democratically elected governments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay were overthrown or displaced by military dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. To curtail opposition, their governments detained tens of thousands of political prisoners, many of whom were tortured and/or killed on inter-state collaboration. Economically, they began a transition to neoliberal economic policies. They placed their own actions within the US Cold War doctrine of "National Security" against internal subversion. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Peru suffered from an internal conflict. In 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, a British dependent territory. The Falklands War began and 74 days later Argentine forces surrendered. Colombia has had an ongoing, though diminished internal conflict, which started in 1964 with the creation of Marxist guerrillas (FARC-EP) and then involved several illegal armed groups of leftist-leaning ideology as well as the private armies of powerful drug lords. Many of these are now defunct, and only a small portion of the ELN remains, along with the stronger, though also greatly reduced, FARC. Revolutionary movements and right-wing military dictatorships became common after World War II, but since the 1980s, a wave of democratization passed through the continent, and democratic rule is widespread now. Nonetheless, allegations of corruption are still very common, and several countries have developed crises which have forced the resignation of their governments, although, on most occasions, regular civilian succession has continued. Presidents of UNASUR member states at the Second Brasília Summit on 23 May 2008. International indebtedness turned into a severe problem in the late 1980s, and some countries, despite having strong democracies, have not yet developed political institutions capable of handling such crises without resorting to unorthodox economic policies, as most recently illustrated by Argentina's default in the early 21st century. The last twenty years have seen an increased push towards regional integration, with the creation of uniquely South American institutions such as the Andean Community, Mercosur and Unasur. Notably, starting with the election of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela in 1998, the region experienced what has been termed a pink tide – the election of several leftist and center-left administrations to most countries of the area, except for the Guianas and Colombia.

Future

Our region needs to focus on building human capital as a long-term policy: it is crucial to foster productivity and incorporate the most vulnerable groups into the workplace. This future entails the adoption of new education and training models that build on the innovations tested during the pandemic, through digital tools and other distance learning methods. We need our workers to acquire the skills demanded by a more technology-driven labor market. The World Bank is cooperating in various ways to support this goal, for instance, via inclusive learning programs like the one approved last March for Peru, which promotes professional advancement systems and early education. Similar projects aimed at building human capital through education have also been approved this year for Honduras and El Salvador, totaling 30 and 250 million dollars, respectively. Moreover, Latin America must expand the use of digital technologies, which have often been a lifeline during this pandemic — and this means expanding access to those who do not yet have it. Those with good broadband coverage have been able to work remotely, keep their children in distance learning programs, consult physicians and use digital payments and other financial services. Unfortunately, nearly half of all Latin Americans lack a mobile broadband subscription, while only 46% have a land connection. We need to address this issue, so that digital reduces rather than exacerbates inequality. In this area, the World Bank last month approved an initiative worth 94 million dollars to promote the digital economy in a group of Caribbean countries. It involves an innovative project — the first of its kind in the area — which will expand connectivity, online public and financial services, and training programs for companies and individuals, with the goal of building a labor force that is ready for future needs. All of Latin America faces this challenge. However, to increase productivity, the region’s governments also need to create an environment that is conducive to investment, with more room for new entrepreneurs and new ideas, and to eliminate the impediments that have limited competition and curbed economic vitality for far too long. The most competitive companies are those that are more fully integrated into the global market, and we need a new generation of regional companies that can take advantage of the opportunities that will open up as the world recovers from the coronavirus. Furthermore, environmental sustainability must be at the heart of our recovery from the crisis. Stimulus programs need to create jobs, growth and access to markets while protecting our region’s rich biodiversity. Investments in agriculture, fishing, forestry or irrigation and sanitation infrastructure can rapidly create jobs while improving resilience to droughts, floods and other climate-related effects that often fall hardest on the poorest. Ultimately, rethinking the future of Latin America means identifying new opportunities and seizing them. The pandemic has been extremely destructive, and it will take time before its effects are left behind. But we can and must turn the destruction that we are now enduring into a creative opportunity.
Must Visit Places ------------

Argentine Patagonia

Argentine Patagonia is a treat for all travelers, not just those with a penchant for adventure. From its diverse wildlife (such as Magellanic penguins, Andean cats and southern elephant seals) to its majestic mountains and jaw-dropping glaciers, this region showcases Mother Nature at its best. Even the most amateur of photographers will appreciate the palette of incredible colors on display here. Can't-miss places for first-timers include the Argentine Lake District, Mount Fitz Roy and the Perito Moreno Glacier.

Machu Picchu

Travelers in search of photo-worthy vistas and a once-in-a-lifetime adventure should consider visiting Machu Picchu. Nestled within a tropical Peruvian forest almost 8,000 feet above sea level, this UNESCO World Heritage Site can only be reached by hiking the 27-mile Inca Trail or taking a train to Aguas Calientes. Once on-site, visitors can learn about some of the theories surrounding Machu Picchu's existence as they explore its approximately 200 religious, ceremonial, astronomical and agricultural structures. When it's time to retire for the night, stay in nearby Cusco, which sits southeast of the historic site.

Rio de Janeiro

With its scenic beaches, leafy mountains and lively nightlife, Rio de Janeiro makes for a fun getaway any time of year. Whether you're looking to attend the city's larger-than-life Carnival celebration (which takes place every February) or explore Brazil's gorgeous natural landscape, Rio has it all. While here, don't miss a visit to Christ the Redeemer, a 98-foot-tall statue of Jesus Christ that sits at the top of Mount Corcovado. After taking in the attraction's sweeping city views, head down to the coast for a stroll on world-famous Ipanema Beach.

Costa Rica

Costa Rica is a natural wonderland. The tropical country features volcanoes to hike and lush rainforests to traverse on foot or by zip line. Plus, it boasts a refreshingly laid-back culture. Relaxation seekers can immerse themselves in the "pura vida" lifestyle and bask at the beaches in Guanacaste or along the Nicoya Peninsula's roughly 80 miles of coast. No visit would be complete without walking around historic San José and trying traditional delicacies like picadillo de chicasquil, a hash-like dish made with tree spinach.

Galapagos Islands

The Galápagos Islands are best known for their colorful creatures, ranging from giant tortoises to seals to penguins. The islands are also famous for helping Charles Darwin develop his theory of natural selection. Today, animals still reign supreme (of the more than 120 islands, islets and rocks that comprise the Galápagos archipelago, only four are inhabited by humans). Getting here will cost you, as the remote islands sit about 600 miles off of the coast of Ecuador. Still, the plentiful wildlife-viewing opportunities make the lengthy trip worthwhile

Chilean Patagonia

Some of South America's most incredible scenery can be found in Chilean Patagonia. Must-visit destinations here include Tierra del Fuego, the southeasternmost point of Chile, and the penguin-filled Isla Magdalena. Additionally, the area is home to storied sites like Cape Horn – the southernmost tip of South America that requires years of experience to expertly sail around – as well as Porvenir, a small settlement known for its charming Victorian houses and picturesque surroundings.

Cusco

Formerly the capital of the Inca Empire before it was invaded and occupied by Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century, Cusco, Peru, showcases a unique blend of Andean and Spanish cultures. In the Plaza de Armas (a large square in the historic downtown area that once represented the exact center of the Inca Empire), visitors will find two Spanish churches – Iglesia de La Compañía de Jesús and La Catedral. Cusco also features multiple museums that display various historical artifacts, including the Museo Inka and the Museo de Arte Precolombino.

Torres del Paine National Park

Reaching this remote national park in Chilean Patagonia isn't easy, but travelers say that beholding the ice fields of Grey Glacier and the soaring peaks of the Cuernos del Paine are more than worth the trip. And with 448,000-plus acres of diverse land to explore, visitors will find boredom near impossible. Some of Torres del Paine's most popular trails include the challenging W Trek (a multiday feat past stunning lakes, mountains and glaciers) and the easier Mirador Las Torres hike. Before venturing into the wild, be sure to stock up on essentials in a nearby city like Puerto Natales.

Cartagena

Colorful colonial architecture and stunning beaches come together in this vibrant Colombian city on the Caribbean coast. The popular old town area, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, features structures that date back to the 16th century, including a roughly 7-mile stretch of walls that helped fend off naval attacks for centuries. Today, the walls provide excellent vantage points for gazing at the city and sea. The nearby Rosario Islands, with highly regarded beaches and coral reefs, offer equally breathtaking vistas.

Easter Island

A bucket list destination for travelers all over the world, this remote island (a Chilean territory) is more than 2,000 miles off of the coast of Chile and enchants adventurers with its distinctive moai statues. These curious stone statues can be found throughout the island, but to ensure you don't miss the island's must-sees and unique history, hire a local guide to show you Rapa Nui National Park (a UNESCO World Heritage Site). Of particular note is Rano Raraku, a volcanic crater located on the southeastern coast that was the main quarry for the moai.

Belize

Overlooking the Caribbean Sea, Belize offers scenic shorelines, unique wildlife and some of Central America's best dive sites. Snorkeling and diving in the Hol Chan Marine Reserve and the Great Blue Hole are major draws, but so are the country's ancient ruins, animal sanctuaries and relaxing beaches. To see Xunantunich and Caracol, two of Belize's best-known Mayan ruins, venture about 75 miles southwest of Belize City to the Cayo District.

Quito

Not only does Quito, Ecuador, boast one of the highest elevations in the world among capital cities (9,350 feet above sea level), but the entire city is also a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site. Take time to get yourself acclimated to the altitude by admiring the historic city center's buildings, which are some of Latin America's best-preserved and least altered. To learn more about Ecuador and to view an impressive collection of pre-Colombian archaeology and Inca artifacts, peruse the Museos del Banco Central. When you're ready to climb higher, head to the TelefériQo gondola for unparalleled views of Quito.

Buenos Aires

It's hard not to fall in love with the wide boulevards, alluring architecture and Parisian-style cafes of Buenos Aires. In addition to its good looks, Argentina's capital city is teeming with culture. Plan to visit its world-class National Museum of Fine Arts, colorful Palermo neighborhood and bustling Corrientes Avenue, where you'll find an array of theaters, bars and tango clubs. Also save time for some people-watching while sipping an espresso at a charming cafe.

Lima

Despite its population of more than 10 million people, the capital of Peru is one of South America's best kept secrets. Its pre-Columbian roots and founding by Spanish conquistadors make it especially appealing to history enthusiasts. Travelers can tour everything from the active archaeological site at Huaca Pucllana to the Iglesia y Convento de San Francisco, one of the city's best examples of Hispano-American Baroque architecture. Following a busy day of sightseeing, visitors can get a taste of Lima's fresh seafood in popular local dishes like ceviche and conchas negras (black clams).

Santiago

The Chilean capital has undergone quite the renaissance since the 1500s. You'll discover Neoclassical architecture rubbing elbows with modern skyscrapers, plus Spanish and European influences intermingling everywhere. The best way to take in the city's unique style is to walk its streets and barrios (neighborhoods), stopping at attractions like the historical Plaza de Armas – where you'll find the Metropolitan Cathedral – along the way. Additionally, the area surrounding Santiago features numerous wineries and ski slopes.